Is Homosexuality Morally Or Immoral - 906 Words

Homosexuality has in recent times being the topic of much heated debate. Simple opinion has divided the line between many and conclude those that stand for traditional values and those who take a progressive stance in civil rights. While the nation has become a buzz of opinions and perspectives, many arguments that have been made have been exaggerated and slandered to the extent that they are no more than myths that have been left off of a leash unchecked. Ultimately, there is nothing inherently wrong with homosexuality, and despite even the best arguments made against the principle, little carry any weight. Many people look at homosexuals and see people that they are uncomfortable with and jump to irrational conclusions, claiming that the concept is unnatural or immoral. A simple argument can be made that homosexuals cannot reproduce, and therefore should be expelled from any kind of societal recognition. However, what concisely makes the inability to reproduce a negative factor in homosexuality? The inability to procreate may stem the ability to produce a child between a couple, however, it creates the possibility for adoption. Thusly, it would serve to both take a child out of a foster home, making one less crowded and taking less a toll on the inhabitants that reside there, as well as providing a loving home for a child whom may need one. Inherently, a large population of people who do not reproduce may stall, if not solve, the growing issue of worldShow MoreRelatedIs Homosexuality Morally Or Immoral?915 Words   |  4 PagesHomosexuality has in recent times asserted the p osition of being a topic of much heated debate. Simple opinion has divided the line between many and conclude those that stand for traditional values and those who take a progressive stance in civil rights. While the nation has become a buzz of opinions and perspectives, many arguments that have been made have been exaggerated and slandered to the extent that they are no more than myths that have been left off of a leash unchecked. Ultimately, thereRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Existence Of God1470 Words   |  6 Pagesmany years homosexuality has been a debate over acceptance but has been for the most part considered an immoral act based on religious beliefs and the obligation to obey God’s commandments. These views on homosexuality can relate to the Divine Command Theory because morality is dependent upon the actions God commands us to do. There is however controversy with the Divine Command Theory that argues that morality may not be what God says it is therefore, the basi s of homosexuality being immoral and moralRead MoreThe Moral View Of Homosexuality1708 Words   |  7 Pagesargument of homosexuality being considered moral or immoral has been an argument for as long as humans have been in existence. This argument has been viewed by philological experts and people all over the world for centuries and it continues to be a major argument today. The moral view of homosexuality has many arguments, but the arguments that are going to be mentioned are the normative ethics argument, the argument on why the moral law is true when it comes to homosexuality, and why homosexuality shouldRead MoreIs Feminism a Harmful Ideology Essay1529 Words   |  7 Pages(1) Is it immoral to infringe upon individual liberty (even if some other good can come of it)? (2) Is it immoral to discriminate based on sex (even if there are innate differences, which are relevant to the situation)? What makes these distinctly moral issues, as opposed to legal, religious, or socio-political issues? These are distinctly moral issues for a few reasons. First, answers to these questions require normative statements (yes it is immoral, or no it isnt immoral to infringe†¦)Read MoreHomosexuality Paper -Philosophy1526 Words   |  7 PagesIs Homosexuality Right Or Wrong? by Nazha Gali My topic is homosexuality and the natural law theory. The natural law theory, which was founded by Aquinas, rests on a certain view that the world has a rational order with values and purposes built into its very nature. And since homosexuality is against the orders of nature, the natural law theory totally condemns it. I disagree with this point of view because I choose not to judge homosexuals but instead I accept them as members of our society.Read MoreKant and Sexual Morality1383 Words   |  6 PagesGerman Philosopher Immanuel Kant claimed that it is morally wrong to use a person merely as a means to your end. This judgement helps us to understand and determined sexual morality. Thomas A. Mappes supports Kant’s claims and helps to further explain Kant’s statement by defining it and introducing the idea that one must give their voluntary informed consent in order for certain actions to be moral. Mappes also illustrates that voluntary informed consent can be undermi ned through both deception andRead MoreKant and Sexual Morality1394 Words   |  6 PagesGerman Philosopher Immanuel Kant claimed that it is morally wrong to use a person merely as a means to your end. This judgement helps us to understand and determined sexual morality. Thomas A. Mappes supports Kant’s claims and helps to further explain Kant’s statement by defining it and introducing the idea that one must give their voluntary informed consent in order for certain actions to be moral. Mappes also illustrates that voluntary informed consent can be undermined through both deception andRead MoreHomosexuality Is A Form Of Emotional, Romantic, And Sexual Attraction858 Words   |  4 PagesAs one of the many sexual orientations, homosexuality is a form of emotional, romantic, and sexual attraction that is primarily or exclusively to people of the same sex. Homosexuality is a fairly recent phenomenon in the twenty-first century; in fact, this sexual orientation has signif icantly increased but there is no precise way to estimate the exact numbers due to people not openly identifying as such due to homophobia (which, in everyday use, is the fear of homosexuals) and homobigotry (intoleranceRead MoreEssay about Jewish Sexual Ethics1295 Words   |  6 Pages Sexual Ethics are integral to Judaism because they provided direct guidance on how to behave morally and in accordance with the Torah and God. Although, over many years Jews were suffering from persecution, they are currently showing stability which can be attributed to the framework that is outlined through the strong ethics that they uphold. Sexual ethics provide guidance on how to behave morally, righteously and in accordance to the Torah as well as preventing promiscuity, infidelity, immoralityRead MoreEthics of Homosexuality857 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Homosexuality Homosexuality has always been a controversial topic of ethical discussion. The morality of the subject depends completely upon a person’s views. A person is often swayed one way or another and religion often plays a very large role on the subject. There are those who believe in the divine command theory and those who believe in the natural law theory. In order to properly understand either theory it is important to know the meaning behind each. According to

Ipulse Buying - 1222 Words

Rasheena Rattu P11270471 The aim of this project is to understand how visual merchandising can impact young adults impulse buying patterns. During the project I will create surveys for face to face interaction, experimental studies in controlled and structured environments such as toy stores which then would develop into case study on particular families which were interesting during the experiment. Identify-I would like to identify the key factors of visual merchandising for young adults – what works best, what persuades a young adult to buy? Compare- the different technique that works with different ages for example, a particular technique would work better with a 7 year old rather than as 15 year old. Look at different stores†¦show more content†¦A psychology experiment was done in the U.K. in 2006 by psychology professors Helga Dittmar from the University of Sussex, Suzanne Ive from the University of Sussex, and Emma Halliwell of the University of the West of England. Their findings from their experiment have been published in Developmental Psychology in 2006. Their study is also a part of the American Psychological Association her in the U.S. Their experiment is called â€Å"Does Barbie Make Girls Want to Be Thin? The Effect of Experimental Exposure to Images of Dolls on the Body Image of 5- to 8-Year-Old Girls.† In their experiment â€Å"a total of 162 girls, from ages 5 to age 8, were exposed to images of either Barbie Dolls, Emme dolls (U.S. size 16), or no dolls (baseline control) and then completed assessments of body image. The professors discovered that those exposed to Barbie doll images produced â€Å"lower self-esteem and a greater desire for a thinner body shape than in the other exposed conditions.† Although, the oldest girls did not have an immediate negative impact from the Barbie doll images. The study concluded that â€Å"these findings imply that, even if dolls cease to function as aspirational role models for older girls, early exposure to dolls epitomizing an unrealistically thin body ideal may damage girls’ body image, which would contribute to an increased risk of disordered eating and weight cycling.(Dittmar, Suzanne Ive, and Emma Halliwell. Does Barbie Make Girls Want to Be Thin?

Acute Care Nursing

Question: Describe about the Report for Acute Care Nursing. Answer: 1. Osteoporosis is mainly a disease of aged people and it occurred due to the more bone resorption as compared to the of bone formation. The central cause of occurrence of osteoporosis is deficiency of gonadal sex hormone like estrogen. Estrogen represses receptor activator of nuclear factor- B ligand (RANKL). RANKL is responsible for the osteoclast differentiation and survival, when it binds to the RANK on the cell surface of osteoclast cells. This RANKL is generally expressed on the osteoblast precursor cells and inflammatory cells like T B cells. Also, estrogen stimulates the expression of osteoprotegerin which binds to RANKL before it binds to RANK and prevent capability of RANKL to promote ostoclast formation and bone resorption and hence suppresses its ability to increase bone resorption. Deficiency of vitamin D and calcium also leads to the bone loss. In response to low calcium levels, parathyroid glands secret more amount of parathyroid hormone and this hormone promotes bone resorption by increasing more absorption of calcium in the blood to maintain optimum level of calcium in the blood. Trabecular bone are present at the end of long bones and vertebrae which plays role in bone turnover and due to the microcrack in the trabecular bone, it replaced by weaker bones (Raisz 2005; Drake et al., 2015). Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is used correct as a bone break. In this open reduction means restoring fractured bone in the original position and internal fixation means steel rods, screw and plate are used to fix bone fracture. A total hip replacement (THR) is a surgical procedure used in osteoporosis in which deformed cartilage and bone of the hip joint is substituted with plastic, ceramic and metal. In THR there is more percentage of ambulation reported after discharge. In case of ORIF there is more morbidity, less compliance in terms of inhibited weight bearing and inferior outcome. In osteoporosis, due to bone loss there is the reduced possibility of plate fixation in case of ORIF. There were more number of patients already underwent ORIF, tried to move to THR (Boelch eta l., 2016; Archdeacon et al., 2013; Daurka et al., 2014) . 2. Hip replacement (THR)/arthroplasty surgery requires anesthesia for long duration. There is significant loss of blood during surgery of the patient. Reported loss of blood in THR patient is around 1500 ml with hemoglobin around 4.0 g. In Gianna also almost same amount of blood loss occurred. However there were confounding results available for the loss of blood in general and local anesthesia. Few studies showed there was no difference in the blood loss in general and local anaesthesia, on the other hand few studies showed there was more blood loss in general anaesthesia as compared to the local anaesthesia (Rozario et al., 2008; Durasek et al., 2010; Singh et al., 2012). Anaesthesia and THR leads to the hypotension in the patients undergoing surgery. Average blood pressure less than 95/50 was reported in THR surgery. In case of Gianna also blood pressure observed was 95/50. In case of THR, different studies gave different definitions for the hypotension. Hypotension considered in different studies for THR were fall in blood pressure more than 30 % systolic blood pressure, 33 % overall blood pressure, 40 mmHg and 20 % fall from the baseline (Bigler et al., 1985; Berggren et al., 1987; Davis et al., 1987). Even though, there was different criteria for hypotension in different studies, overall it has been observed that fall in blood pressure was more observed in regional anaesthesia as compared to the general anaesthesia (Couderc et al., 1977). It has been reported that blood transfusion in THR over the preoperative and postoperative period in case of regional anaesthesia was in the range of 230 to 260 ml. In case of Gianna, blood transfusion was 200 ml. In case of general and regional anaesthesia number of patients required transfusions were same however volume of transfusion required in the regional anaesthesia patients were higher as compared to the general anaesthesia patients (Valentin et al., 1986; Bredahl et al., 1991; Juelsgaard et al., 1998). Most of t he available data in case of blood transfusion was heterogeneous. There was less percentage of O2 in the blood of patients undergoing THR. In such scenario, administration of oxygen is necessary to prevent hypoxia. This condition occurred in almost 98 % patients. Oxygen saturation (SpO2) between 90 to 95%, considered optimum in case of THR surgery patients. This SpO2 correspond to the oxygen tension (Pao2) of 6080 mmHg. Oxygen saturation observed in case of Gianna was 93 %. This volume was in the adequate range considering age and THR surgery of Gianna. In earlier studies few patients were reported with Pao2 less than 60 mmHg (Couderc et al., 1977; McKenzie et al., 1984; Brown et al., 1994). Fall in the oxygen tension was reported to be different at different time points for general and local anaesthesia. There was more fall in oxygen tension in case of general anaesthesia as compared to the local anaesthesia at one hour after surgery, however there was no difference in the oxygen tension between general and local anaesthesia one day after completi on of surgery. However, in few studies there was no difference observed in oxygen and carbon dioxide tension between general and local anaesthesia. To prevent hypoxia, it has been suggested that oxygen with flow rate of 5 L/min is sufficient in case of THR patients (Rozario et al., 2008; Singh et al., 2012). However, in case of Gianna oxygen was supplied with the flow rate of 6 L/min. This volume was sufficient for Gianna. Orthopedic theaters used in the THR surgery are generally cooler than any other operation theaters with temperature is in the range of 18-20C and humidity more than 55 %. With the weakened temperature regulatory system in the THR patients and mentioned cool orthopedic theater, in case of patients undergoing THR surgery, there is rapid decrease in the body temperature of patients undergoing THR surgery (Akca et al., 2002; Moretti et al., 2009). There was very less literature available for recording of temperature, hence threshold temperature is not available. In case of Gianna, recorded temperature was 36oC which is less than the normal temperature. It was reported in the literature that there is no difference in the temperature due to the general and local anaesthesia. Effect of analgesics on the vital signs mainly depends on the baseline values of the vital signs of the individual patient. In this case of Gianna, most of the vital signs were abnormal and there was no worsening effect on vital signs by the use of analgesics (Sporer et al., 2006). 3. Dischrge plan for the Giana was prepared by a team of discharge planner, resident nurse and physician. Consent of the Giana and her family was taken for her diachrge. A case of Gianna Rossi, 79 years old, female, was admitted to emergency department after collapse. In X-ray it was revealed that Gianna has fracture in the hip due to osteoporosis. She stayed in the orthopedic ward for four days and her daily activities like eating and drinking are normal. She can walk using four-wheeled walker under supervision. Her pain can be managed with paracetamol and tramadol. Subjective : Gianna was concerned about her independence after her discharge. Objective : Giana and her family were seen packing their items. Giana received instruction from the physician and surgeon. All the payments of the hospital were done. Complete Patient Assessment (Chin-Jung et al., 2012; Al-Maqbali, 2014): Dischrge needs : Giana is doing her daily activities normally and walk on her own using four wheeled walker under supervision and gradually there is progress in this. Screening: Vital signs of Giana, those were became abnormal during and after surgery are now normal. Complaints: Giana doesnt have any complaint as such and her pain can be managed using paracetamol and tramadol. Physical screening: Giana was evaluated for getting in and out of her bed, walking with walker under observation and walking to the bathroom. All these assessments showed promising outcome. Prioritize patient needs (Advise to patient and family): Visit hospital after 2 weeks for clinical follow-up. Change dressing twice a day and dont disturb the stitches. Referred to experienced physiotherapist after two weeks because rehabilitation and physical therapy is essential. Do not take shower upto 6 days after surgery because incision and stitches may get wet and this can lead to infection. Do not allow anybody to touch incision without washing hands with antiseptic. Take paracetamol and tramadol, if she feels pain otherwise she can stop it. Call to the hospital in following situations: More redness or drainage at the incision area. If pain is not decreasing even after taking painkiller. If temperature is increasing. After the approval of discharge plan of Giana by physician and the surgeon, Giana was discharged to her home along with discharge planner, visiting nurse, physiotherapist and her family members. References: Akca, O., Sessler, D.I. (2002). Thermal management and blood loss during hip arthroplasty. Minerva Anestesiologica, 68, 1825. Al-Maqbali, M. A. (2014). Nursing intervention in discharge planning for elderly patients with hip fractures. International Journal of Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing, 18(2), 6880. Archdeacon, M., Kazemi, N., Collinge, C., Budde, B., Schnell, S. (2013). Treatment of protrusio fractures of the acetabulum in patients 70 years and older. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, 27(5), 256261. Berggren, D., Gustafson, Y., Eriksson, B., Bucht, G., Hansson, L.H., Reiz, S., Winblad, B. (1987). Postoperative confusion after anesthesia in elderly patients with femoral neck fractures. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 66, 497-504. Bigler, D., Adelhoj, B., Petring, O.U., Pederson, N.O., Busch, P., Kalhke, P. (1985). Mental function and morbidity after acute hip surgery during spinal and general anaesthesia. Anaesthesia, 40, 672-6. Boelch, S.P., Jordan, M.C., Meffert, R.H., Jansen. H. (2016). Comparison of open reduction and internal fixation and primary total hip replacement for osteoporotic acetabular fractures: a retrospective clinical study. International Orthopaedics, Aug 10. [Epub ahead of print]. Bredahl, C., Hindsholm, K.B., Frandsen PC. (1991). Changes in body heat during hip fracture surgery: a comparison of spinal analgesia and general anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 35, 548-52. Brown, A.G., Visram, A.R, Jones, R.D.M., Irwins, M.G., Bacon-Shone, J. Preoperative and postoperative oxygen saturation in the elderly following spinal or general anaesthesia - an audit of current practice. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care , 22, 150-4. Couderc, E., Mauge, F., Duvaldestin, P., Desmonts, J.M. (1977). Comparative results of general and peridural anesthesia for hip surgery in the very old patient. Anesthesie, Analgesie, Reanimation. 34(5), 987-98. Chin-Jung, Lin., Shih-Jung, C., Shou-Chuan, S., Cheng-Hsin , C., Jin-Jin, T. (2012). Discharge Planning. International Journal of Gerontology, 6(4), 237240. Daurka, J., Pastides, P., Lewis, A., Rickman, M., Bircher, M. (2014). Acetabular fractures in patients aged 55 years: a systematic review of the literature. Bone Joint Journal , 96, 157163. Davis, F.M., Woolner, D.F., Frampton, C., Wilkinson, A., Grant, A., Harrison RT, et al. (1987). Prospective, multi-centre trial of mortality following general or spinal anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in the elderly. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 59, 1080-8. Drake, M.T., Clarke, B.L. and Lewiecki, E.M. (2015). The Pathophysiology and Treatment of Osteoporosis. Clinical Therapeutics, 37(8), 1837-50. Durasek, J. (2010). Factors affecting blood loss in total knee arthroplasty patients. Acta Medica Croatica, 64, 20914. Juelsgaard, P., Sand, N.P.R., Felsby, S., Dalsgaard, J., Jakobsen, K.B., Brink, O., et al. Perioperative myocardial ischaemia in patients undergoing surgery for fractured hip randomized to incremental spinal, single-dose spinal or general anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 15(6), 656-63. McKenzie, P.J., Wishart, H.Y., Smith, G. (1984). Long-term outcome after repair of fractured neck of femur; comparison of subarachnoid and general anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 56, 581-4. Moretti, B., Larocca, A.M., Napoli, C., Martinelli, D., Paolillo, L., Cassano M, et al. (2009). Active warming systems to maintain perioperative normrothermia in hip replacement surgery: A therapeutic aid or a vector of infection? Journal of Hospital Infection, 73, 5863. Pesce, V., Speciale, D., Sammarco, G., Patella, S., Spinarelli, A., Patella, V. (2009). Surgical approach to bone healing in osteoporosis. Clinical Cases in mineral and bone metabolism, 6(2), 131135. Raisz, L. (2005). Pathogenesis of osteoporosis: concepts, conflicts, and prospects. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 115(12), 331825. Rozario, L., Sloper, D., Sheridan, M.J. (2008). Supplemental oxygen during moderate sedation and the occurance of clinically significant desaturation during endoscopic procedures. Gastroenterology Nursing, 31, 2815. Sporer, K.A., Tabas, J.A., Tam, R.K., Sellers, K.L., et al. (2006). Do medications affect vital signs in the prehospital treatment of acute decompensated heart failure? Prehospital Emergency Care, 10(1), 41-5. Singh, S., Singh, S. P., Agarwal, J. K. (2012). Anesthesia for bone replacement surgery. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology, 28(2), 154161. Valentin, N., Lomholt, B., Jensen, J.S., Hejgaard, N., Kreiner, S. (1986). Spinal or general anaesthesia for surgery of the fractured hip? A prospective study of mortality in 578 patients. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 58, 284-91. Acute Care Nursing Questions: 1. Identify factors that determine which healthcare professionals are required to be involved in a health care team? 2. Who should lead the health care team? 3. Who is the most important member of the health care team? 4. What further questions will you need to ask the nurse? 5. List specifically what further assessments you would complete when the patient arrives onto the ward? 6. Clinical Reasoning: Learning to think like a nurse, Frenchs Forests, NSW: Pearson? 7. Using your knowledge and experience of various patient allocation models? Answers: 1. Factors to determine the involvement of health care professionals The health care professionals are involved to determine the care and needs of the service users. The needs vary from patient to patient like diagnosis, emotional, psychological and functional level of the patient (Okuyama, Wagner Bijnen, 2014). This also includes the social, functional status of the patient, treatment type and the preference of them. In addition, needs of care and multidisciplinary team involvement should be changed as per the progression of disease and the symptoms that are present. According to Lgar et al., (2014), the important part is the involvement of multidisciplinary team and information exchange through the communication. The multidisciplinary team members should have the ability of the proper communication so that the patients get proper treatment. All the expertise people should have the utilizing power of the clinical judgement. 2. Leader of the health care team The multidisciplinary team should be led by the case manager. In some cases the care coordinator manages the team (Grol et al., 2013). Each member has individual responsibilities to achieve their job goal. They have some common goals that they need to perform in collaboration (Al-Balushi et al., 2014). According to the fact sheet, the team leader needs to motivate other staffs so that there will fewer difficulties to achieve the goal (MND Australia 2013). He needs to maintain the healthy environment of the caring home. 3. Important member of the health care team Every member of the multidisciplinary team is important to give their best performance and achieve the best outcome. The treatment procedure should be effective and the focus should be given to the patient only. The patient should get efficient and effective treatment. The team members should provide the central focus and care to the patient. They should communicate properly and collaboratively. Salminen et al., (2014) mention that all he member of multidisciplinary team should respect each other and participate in the decision making for the wellbeing of the patient. They need to communicate with the patient on regular basis and make rapport of the patient assessment. The responsibilities of different doctors and staffs are different. For example, the role of Psychologist is different from the physiotherapist. Key issues: Leg injuries and mild head injury due to motor vehicle accident. Admitted for six months Suffering from depression Need long term rehabilitation Health care team involved in treatment Physiotherapist helps to assess and manage the mobility Psychologist helps to stable the mental condition and bring back to normal life Social worker supports patient and his family members to adapt the situation and return to the normal lifestyle The occupational therapist helps Grant Thompson to improve the skills and day to day activities. As the team leader, the treating doctor should take the concern of the patient and the family members of the patient to know their opinion. Rehabilitation unit will help to motivate the treatment procedure of Grant Thompson. They will help to speed up the recovery of Grant Thompson so that he can return to his normal lifestyle as soon as possible. 4. The medication time and the procedure of medication If the patient has any allergic problem or any kind of irritation from a particular food The type of injury and time period of admission The function of drugs and injection, which the nurse does not know 5. List of the necessary and specific patient assessment The nurse should go through the patient history very carefully and examine the patient. The nurse needs to identify that if the patient is able to bear with the treatment procedure. Therefore she must modify the procedure according to the patient needs. The nurse needs to spend more time with the patient to know more details about him and make rapport. The nurse should know about the presence of the systemic diseases, previous hospitalization, allergies, past anaesthetic events, drug or alcohol use, medication and family history. The nurse should discuss the test reports with the patient as the patient has the right to know about the reports (Alomar, 2014). The patient also should not hide anything from the nurse and provide all information to the nurse. Moreover, the nurse needs to know about the psychological, spiritual, physiological and sociological status of the patient. 6. Levett- Jones Clinical Reasoning Cycle Consider the patient situation What current information do you have on this pt.? What new information have you gathered? 37years old male patient faced MVA before six months Pt. is recovering day by day Pt. is depressed Collect Cues/Information What further cues and information would be useful? Why? Pt is a truck driver and faced accident before six months. Recovery time is slow and relies on the wheelchair. However, he can walk for short distance with the help of walker. Process Information What changes do you notice in the cues and information provided? Which changesare significant for this patientand why? What do you think these changes could indicate and why? What could be the outcome of these changes? The health condition of the patient is improving since the last six months. The significant changes are that the patient can walk to cover short distance. The patient is gradually depressed as he is the only earning member in the family and he is hospitalised. The patient needs rehabilitation. The patient got depressed. Establish Goals Describe what you want to happen. Who do you want to be involved and what do you want them to do? In what timeframe? The nurse needs to involve herself in the treatment of the patient so that he can recover soon by following the guidelines and can collaborate with multidisciplinary team. Take Action What nursing actions will you take? What will be your nursing priorities? The nurse needs to consult with the doctor and help the patient in medication and walking. Evaluate Outcomes What do you expect to achieve from the actions have taken? The nurse then needs to take proper action to reduce the problem and needs to observe the patient, if any noticeable changes like improvement or decline happen (Matziou et al., 2014). Reflect on Process and new learning What have you learnt from this exercise? The nurse can learn various things from these evaluated outcomes, which she needs to understand and learn. This clinical reasoning cycle will help the nurse to develop her skills. 7. There are one RN, one EN and three AIN in the ward with me and we work in the afternoon shift. There are total twenty two patients, in which 14 need post operative treatment and 8 need pre operative treatment. To ensure the skills, techniques, experience and knowledge the total patient care model is chosen to discuss the module. Patient allocation model: Total patient care The registered nurse is allocated for the total patient are as she has the registered licence of total patient care. Delany and Golding (2014) mentioned registered nurse as the primary nurse. Two AINs are also appointed with the RN for the help. The RN has various responsibilities to perform like medication, administration and dressing changes. The patient who went for the surgery in morning, are very sensitive. Therefore, they needs to be handled with sensitivity and deserves more caring. The necessary needs of the surgical patients are dressing of the wounded place, provide proper medication and injection. According to Urden, Stacy and Lough (2015), as the type of surgery is different for various patients, therefore the nurses need to provide different care to different patients. The room should be cleaned and well ventilated for the post operative patients. Team nursing A team of three people of RN, EN and AIN is formed for the acute caring of the pre operative patients, who needs to know about the all circumstances of the operation. They will explain the patients about the risks and curing chances of the patients. They need to give proper medication to the patient. The RN should lead the team but as she is busy with the post operative patients therefore, the EN should lead the team and guide the AIN. The team is responsible to handle all the eight patients who are going for the surgery. The team needs to work in collaboration and no one should be ignored (Delany Golding 2014). All the members of the team should input their skills and also can learn new knowledge from the patients. Task allocation There are one RN, one EN and three AIN in the ward with me and we work in the afternoon shift. There are total twenty two patients, in which 14 need post operative treatment and 8 need pre operative treatment. Due to the huge patient load of the pre and post operative patient two teams are made, which include one registered nurse, one enrolled nurse and one AIN. In the other team, there are one RN and two AIN that will handle the pre operative patient. As the AINs do not have the licence of giving antibiotics and performing intravenous access, therefore I and the other RN will handle this. Both the AIN will do the other formalities in case of pre operative patients like filling up the formalities and dress up. In case of post operative patients, the EN will help the other RN that is responsible for the medication and injection and the AIN will take care of dress up and controlling infection. References Al-Balushi, S., Sohal, A. S., Singh, P. J., Al Hajri, A., Al Farsi, Y. M., Al Abri, R. (2014). Readiness factors for lean implementation in healthcare settingsa literature review.Journal of health organization and management,28(2), 135-153. Grol, R., Wensing, M., Eccles, M., Davis, D. (Eds.). (2013).Improving patient care: the implementation of change in health care. John Wiley Sons. Lgar, F., Stacey, D., Turcotte, S., Cossi, M. J., Kryworuchko, J., Graham, I. D., ... Donner?Banzhoff, N. (2014). Interventions for improving the adoption of shared decision making by healthcare professionals.The Cochrane Library. MND Australia (2013). Australia Fact Sheet on Multidisciplinary Teams Retrieved from: https://www.mndaust.asn.au/Get-informed/Information-resources/Living_better_for_longer/WEB-MND-Australia-Fact-Sheet-EB3-Multidisciplinary.aspx Okuyama, A., Wagner, C., Bijnen, B. (2014). Speaking up for patient safety by hospital-based health care professionals: a literature review.BMC health services research,14(1), 61. Salminen, H., Zary, N., Bjrklund, K., Toth-Pal, E., Leanderson, C. (2014). Virtual patients in primary care: developing a reusable model that fosters reflective practice and clinical reasoning.Journal of medical Internet research,16(1), e3. Alomar, M. J. (2014). Factors affecting the development of adverse drug reactions (Review article).Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal,22(2), 83-94. Matziou, V., Vlahioti, E., Perdikaris, P., Matziou, T., Megapanou, E., Petsios, K. (2014). Physician and nursing perceptions concerning interprofessional communication and collaboration.Journal of interprofessional care,28(6), 526-533. Motola, I., Devine, L. A., Chung, H. S., Sullivan, J. E., Issenberg, S. B. (2013). Simulation in healthcare education: a best evidence practical guide. AMEE Guide No. 82.Medical Teacher,35(10), e1511-e1530. Bae, S. H., Kelly, M., Brewer, C. S., Spencer, A. (2014). Analysis of nurse staffing and patient outcomes using comprehensive nurse staffing characteristics in acute care nursing units.Journal of nursing care quality,29(4), 318-326. Delany, C., Golding, C. (2014). Teaching clinical reasoning by making thinking visible: an action research project with allied health clinical educators.BMC medical education,14(1), 20. Lavin, M., Harper, E., Barr, N. (2015). Health information technology, patient safety, and professional nursing care documentation in acute care settings.OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing,20(2). Urden, L. D., Stacy, K. M., Lough, M. E. (2015).Priorities in critical care nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Personality an Extension of Classical Psychoanalytic Theories Essay Example

Personality an Extension of Classical Psychoanalytic Theories? Paper Personality can be defined as a set of traits that establish disparities or commonalities of psychological behavior of human being or animals within a diverse socio-cultural and biological spectrum. This paper critically evaluates Erikonian and Freudian theories that explain structure and development of human personality, and techniques in examining personality pathology. Both theories approach the topic of personality from the viewpoint of psychoanalytic theory, however, Erikson theoretically and practically move away from the classical psychoanalysis. He proposes a broader and more comprehensive theory which extends from birth to death and applies to various races of humanity. The essay concludes by asserting that the above discussed diversions support the claim the subject of discussion. Erikson acquired knowledge in psychoanalysis when he started to associate with Anna Freud the daughter of Sigmund Freud in Vienna where he worked as an art teacher. At the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute, he trained in psychoanalysis and also learnt about Montessori Method of education that was based on child development. It was immediately after his graduation that Nazi took over power in Germany and had to flee to the United States for his own safety. He settled in Boston with his wife Joan where he began a career that made him one of the outstanding clinicians and personality theorists of his time. He taught and held many positions in various institutions in America which culminated in publication Childhood and Society in 1950, a book for which he is best known (Sollod, Wilson Monte, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Personality an Extension of Classical Psychoanalytic Theories? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Personality an Extension of Classical Psychoanalytic Theories? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Personality an Extension of Classical Psychoanalytic Theories? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Apart from teaching in various American Universities, Erikson studied various many people most notably, the American Natives’ children and also worked in a number of clinics and psychiatric institutions. These experiences helped him establish himself as one of the contemporary psychoanalyst who has influence students of various disciplines much like Sigmund Freud. Erikson could have been regarded as one of the brightest students of Anna Freud who live on to surpass his teacher’s understanding of human development. Borrowing from Freudian theories of development and the ego development, Erikson came up with the greatest innovation of his career with regard to stages of human development. While Sigmund Freud had postulated five stages in his psychosexual analysis, Erikson came up with eight stages. Analyzing human development from birth to death, he believed that human being must go through certain stages in order to fully develop and thus theorized eight stages (Sollod, Wilson Monte, 2009). In his book Childhood and Society, he elaborated Sigmund Freud’s genital stage into adolescence and further added another three stages to Freud’s adulthood stage (Thornburg, Ispa, Adams Lee, 1992). Erikson further developed Freudian classical analysis of the ego and came up with the ego psychology that emphasized the role of the ego away from just being a servant of the ego as was postulated by Sigmund. He believed that environment where a child lives in plays a vital role in his or her development. According to him, environment does not only provide room for growth and adjustment but also a source of self awareness and identity (Eagle, 1997). Probably, his life span model of psychological development which was borrowed from the classical psychoanalytic theories put him as one of the neo-Freudian psychoanalytic theorists. With the help of his wife, Joan, Erikson developed eight stage of human development with each stage identifying specific goals, challenges and concerns (Erikson, 1982/1997). These stages are as follows: the infancy stage deals with basic trust and basic mistrust; early childhood stage is characterized by the conflict between autonomy and shame or doubt; play age stage has to conquer either initiative or guilt; school age stage is characterized by industry and inferiority as the conflicting concerns; adolescence stage is marked by identity and role isolation; young adults would have to make a choice between intimacy and isolation; adulthood stage is marked by concerns of generativity and stagnation; the eighth stage referred to as later adulthood is a period characterized by ego identity and despair (Darling-Fisher Leidy, 1988). What puts Erikson’s theory of personality ahead of the Freudian classical theories of psychoanalysis, is not only the differences in number of stages of human development but his contention that the various stages are interdependent on each other. According to Erikson, unresolved conflicts at one particular stage would inf luence development in the subsequent stages. For example, during the infancy stage, a child’s development of either a trusting or mistrusting relationship with his or her caregiver would influence how the child trust other people in later stages of development (Kroger, 1993). Erikson was regarded as a neo-Freudian because his theory of personality was an extension of earlier works by Sigmund Freud. He earned a new name as one of the originators of ego psychology theory and thus is considered as an ego psychologist because he based his studies of the developmental stages on the entire lifespan of human being (Sollod, Wilson Monte, 2009). However, Erickson’s stages of psychosocial development are characterized by various conflicts upon which a successful resolution would lead to a desirable outcome. He further hypothesized that resolution to such conflicts would be drive by an important event upon which the conflict revolves, for instance, the meaning of life to oneself. He termed the desirable results of each stage of psychosocial development as â€Å"virtues†. This term was derived from Eriksonian works within the context of applied medicine meaning potency (Marcia, Waterman, Matterson, Archer Orlofsky, 1993). In essence, virtues are the outcomes of a successful resolution. Oddly enough, as is postulated by the Erikson’s studies, the individual must learn how to deal with both extremes of the conflict involved in each stage of life development. He argued that an individual cannot reject one of the extremes of the conflicting challenges by simply ignoring one of them, but has to come with away of holding on to each of them so as to create a balance even as a successful resolution is anticipated. According to Erikson, understanding and accepting both sides of the tensions of a particular life stage would provide an opportunity for self-evaluation that would subsequently, give way to optimal virtue (Erikson, 1950). For example, ‘trust’ and ‘mistrust’ must all be understood and accepted so that ‘hope’ can emerge as the realistic and practical solution during the first stage of psychosocial development. Similarly, during the last stage of psychosocial development, both ‘integrity’ and ‘despair’ must be understood and accepted so as to have an actionable ‘wisdom’ as the most viable solution (Wallerstein Goldberger, 2000). He went beyond Freudian theories of psychoanalysis by focusing on dysfunctional behaviors in order to understand how the normal self can function successfully. In particular, he contributed to the understanding of Freudian classical psychoanalytic theories by including the effects of culture and society on one’s psychological development. This particularly led to emergence of psychosocial perspective which has long been associated with him. This was developed during his extensive studies involving the Native American children which incorporated anthropological examination and clinical analysis based on the history of the tribe and the economical situation (Meeus, 1996). He also applied psychoanalysis in developing detailed biographical histories of important personalities who contributed to the development in society and the world through resolution of conflict. For example, he gave lectures about Thomas Jefferson, wrote books about the lives of Martin Luther (Young Man Luther: A Study In Psychoanalysis And History) and Mahatma Gandhi (Gandhi’s Truth: On The Origins Of Militant Nonviolence). In these great works, Erikson used clinical analysis to give an account of how leaders come out of difficult situations to develop new identity not only for themselves but also for other citizens. Erikson extends Freudian psychoanalysis to develop understanding of conflict resolution and how those solutions or outcomes affect not only individual’s standing in society but also the general well-being of the citizens in a society. For example, he borrowed from Freudian classical analysis to study psychoanalysis and history in his book Young Man Luther (1958). He treated Martin Luther as a very innovative psychologist whose religious teachings complemented the classical Freudian analysis (Wallerstein Goldberger, 2000). Unlike Freud whose main focus was on early childhood development, Erikson goes further to emphasized adolescence and adulthood as important stages of psychosocial development. In his analysis of life-stages, Erikson introduces important concepts of identity and identity crisis. He particularly used these concepts to explain both the social and psychological complexities met by adolescents or young people when trying to fit into a particular place and time in a society. According to Erikson, adolescent stage of development therefore presents a complex solution to the question of â€Å"who am I† and needs an organization of one’s drives, beliefs, abilities and history into the understanding of oneself. Erikson’s own life experiences might have contributed to the development of identity and identity crisis theory (Thornburg, Ispa, Adams Lee, 1992). He personally wandered a lot as a young adult; from being a teacher, to analyst, to a writer. Erikson was very much interest in life in nature as well as in people of various ages and different cultures. These are quite predominant in his various thinking and writings. This is probably what makes him one of the most influential scholars of psychoanalytic theories after the classical Freudian theories of personality (Meeus, 1996). While Freud lived and developed his psychoanalysis theory at a time when people were beginning to understand the mentally ill as well as when there was a growing interest in understanding of the universal inner conflict, Eriksson who lived at a time when the western societies were being torn apart by violence and deprecation of values gave a different perspective to the issue human conflict. He borrowed from his understanding of psychoanalysis theories to delve into the subjects of health, strength and â€Å"virtue† which could be understood in the context of the society he lived in. This is seen in his later works where he anticipated the needs of rebellious youths who repudiated the falsehood in politics as well as the materialism of the capitalist world. In his understanding of these underlying problems in the western world, Erikson called for sincerity among leaders, peace, love and adoption of humane values (Smelser, 1996). Erikson’s concept of ego identity provided an understanding of psychoanalytic theory a way from the libido approach associated with Sigmund Freud. According to Erikson, society is the constructive source of the ego strength. Erikson put much emphasis on the cultural demands place on children during various stages of development in life. This marked a shift from the Freudian analysis of maturation as an important element in the child’s cognitive development (Sollod, Wilson Monte, 2009). For instance, the potty training at a very early age was influenced culturally in a number of industrialized nations where children would go to day care centers or pre-schools, where toilets are more preferred to changing diapers. While Freud explained potty training as a natural progression in skills as a result of maturation and the need to attend to the requirements involving anal psychosexual conflict, Erikson would downplay maturation as having any importance in toilet training. According to him, toilet training is matter that is culturally influenced (Wallerstein Goldberger, 1998). He also developed the idea of psychohistory which was in line with his efforts of bringing into the modern social sciences the understanding of psychoanalysis. Although he was trained in psychoanalysis, Erikson did not narrow his studies to the psychoanalysis alone. In his works which included about fourteen books, Erikson studied and researched on various disciplines that transcended variety of topics in culture, history as well as individuals. Psychoanalysis however, was particularly applied in understanding anthropological, historical and religious concerns. In addition, it was used to develop comprehensive and detailed stages of psychological development which has been considered as life span model (Sollod, Wilson Monte, 2009). Erikson also delved into the topics of ethics and moral responsibility, which was illustrated in his book the Insight and Responsibility. Erikson developed eight set of virtues which corresponded with the eight stages of development – hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care and wisdom (Wallerstein Goldberger, 2000). According to him, it is these virtues that determine the successful resolution of conflicts at each and every stage of human development. Moreover, Erikson introduced a new concept that he termed pseudospeciation which illustrates the destructive mechanism that result into human aggression, war and conflict in the society. Pseudospeciation simply means the arrogant placing of an individual’s culture, race, nation and/or society before others’ and the failure by one to recognize that humanity is one species. In essence, groups of people are represented neither as humans nor pseudo-species. Just like in his other writings, Erikson used this concept to understand the human psychology within the wider context of culture and history (Wallerstein Goldberger, 1998). From the analysis above, it is clear that Erikson’s theory of personality theoretically and practically moves away from the classical psychoanalytic theories. He not only provides a broader and comprehensive theory that encompasses life development from birth to death but also applies universally to all human races. Erikson also employed more empirically superior evaluation techniques than Sigmund Freud in his studies. It can therefore be concluded that above mentioned diversions support the claim that Erikson’s personality theories are successful extension of the classical psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud. References: Darling-Fisher, C. S. , Leidy, N. K. (1988). Measuring Eriksonian Development in the Adult: The Modified Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory. Psychological Reports, 62(3), 747- 754. Eagle, M. (1997). Contributions of Erik Erikson. Psychoanalytic Review, 84(3), 337-347. Erikson, E. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton. Erikson, E. (1982/1997). The Life Cycle Completed. Norton: New York. Kroger, J, (1993). Discussions on Ego Identity. Lawrence Erlbaum: Hillsdale, NJ. Marcia, J. E. , Waterman, A. S. , Matterson, D. R. , Archer, S. L, Orlofsky, J. L. (1993) Ego Identity: A Handbook for Psychological Research. Springer-Verlag: New York. Meeus, W. (1996). Toward A Psychosocial Analysis of Adolescent Identity: An Evaluation Of The Epigenetic Theory (Erikson) and the Identity Status Model (Marcia), In K. Hurrelmann and S. F. Hamilton (Eds. ), Social Problems and Social Contexts In Adolescence: Perspectives across Boundaries. (Pp. 83-104). Smelser, N. J. (1996). Erik Erikson as Social Scientist. Psychoanalysis Contemporary Thought. 19(2), 207-224. Sollod, R. N. , Wilson, J. P. , Monte, C. F. (2009). Beneath The Mask: An Introduction To Theories of Personality (8th ed. ). John Wiley Sons: Hoboken, NJ. Thornburg, K. R. , Ispa, J. M. , Adams, N. A. , Lee, B. S. (1992). Testing the Simplex Assumption Underlying the Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory. Educational Psychological Measurement, 52(2), 431-436. Wallerstein, R. S. , Goldberger, L. (2000). Ideas and Identities: The Life Work of Erik Erikson. Psychoanalytic Psychology. 17(2), 437-442. Wallerstein, R. S. , Goldberger, L. (1998). Ideas and Identities: The Life and Work of Erik Erikson. 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